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Patients were excluded if they took non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), any change in the dose, type, or frequency of DMARDs, consumed alcohol, had other autoimmune diseases, kidney disorders, pancreatitis, gallstones, or cancer, followed special diets in the past three months, or had recent medication changes

However, there are no druggable pockets for conventional small molecules on the molecular surface of GPX4

In a similar experimental model, HD significantly decreased hepatic TGF1, hydroxyproline, the serum liver function markers of ALT, AST and total bilirubin, the hepatic content of MDA and myeloperoxidase activity, the serum pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-, relative liver weight, and the serum lipid profile markers cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein compared with the reference drug SL, which suggested that HD may be a promising protective agent against liver fibrosis (Nasehi et al., 2023)

Table 1 Primers used in various experiments

doi:10.1007/s00228-025-03869-9 Nazmy A, Sobhy A, Elshahat A, et al

Guse AH